25. Chemiosmosis is the building of concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembranous space. This is achieved by various key steps. First, electrons are transported to hydrogen channels through electron channels which are located between the matrix and the intermembranous space called the intermembrane of the mitochondria. Here, the hydrogen channels are aligned into what is called the electron transport chain. These electrons power the pumps that push hydrogen ions from a low concentration in the matrix, to a high concentration in the intermembranous space. Once the electrons use their energy in one pump, they move down a chain of pumps until they reach the final channel, which is oxygen. After enough hydrogen ions are in the high concentration of the intermembranous space, they try to distribute themselves evenly across the inner membrane using facilitated diffusion, and to do this, they pass through another channel. This channel takes the energy of the moving hydrogen ions and uses ATP synthase to combine ADP and a phosphate group to make the final product, ATP.
26. He is short of breathe while sprinting because it is harder for him to catch his breathe. When he cannot get enough oxygen in his cells then the aerobic processes of cellular respiation cannot happen. If he was joggging then he could perform aerobic processes because he will be able to obtain enough oxygen to perform the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
27. The mitochondria still made ATP because the acid added to the mitochondria will go to the matrix, where the Krebs Cycle is performed. This acid will power the Krebs Cycle, which in turn makes two ATP. The products of the Krebs Cycle also include two NADH and 2 FADH2, which can be used to move more electrons in the ETC to make even more ATP.
28. Baby Helen cannot produce enough ATP because the protein that is mutated in her body helps to move Hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembranous space in the mitochondria of her cells. If there is not a high concentration of Hydrogen ions, then the ATP will not run along the required concentration gradient through ATP synthase, and her body will not recieve the required amount of ATP to thrive.
29. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen. These are used in cellular respiration and essentially turned back into the reactants in photosynthesis. The formula for cellular respiration is glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy. Cellular respiration uses the glucose made and breaks it down into a more usable for, such as breaking a hundred dollar bill into one hundred ones. The "one dollar bills" of this process are called ATP. Also, carbon dioxide is made during the Krebs cycle and released into the atmosphere.
30. ATP is used for many biochemical reactions in the cells throughout our bodies. ATP is used for cell energy during metabolism and it also is used when performing active transport through a cell's membrane. To get the energy out of ATP, it is broken down into a phosphate group and ADP. The energy is released when the bonds are broken between the two groups. To recharge it, the ADP molecule and a phosphate group are bonded together in the mitochondria, transforming it into ATP where it can be used again.
26. He is short of breathe while sprinting because it is harder for him to catch his breathe. When he cannot get enough oxygen in his cells then the aerobic processes of cellular respiation cannot happen. If he was joggging then he could perform aerobic processes because he will be able to obtain enough oxygen to perform the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
27. The mitochondria still made ATP because the acid added to the mitochondria will go to the matrix, where the Krebs Cycle is performed. This acid will power the Krebs Cycle, which in turn makes two ATP. The products of the Krebs Cycle also include two NADH and 2 FADH2, which can be used to move more electrons in the ETC to make even more ATP.
28. Baby Helen cannot produce enough ATP because the protein that is mutated in her body helps to move Hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembranous space in the mitochondria of her cells. If there is not a high concentration of Hydrogen ions, then the ATP will not run along the required concentration gradient through ATP synthase, and her body will not recieve the required amount of ATP to thrive.
29. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen. These are used in cellular respiration and essentially turned back into the reactants in photosynthesis. The formula for cellular respiration is glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy. Cellular respiration uses the glucose made and breaks it down into a more usable for, such as breaking a hundred dollar bill into one hundred ones. The "one dollar bills" of this process are called ATP. Also, carbon dioxide is made during the Krebs cycle and released into the atmosphere.
30. ATP is used for many biochemical reactions in the cells throughout our bodies. ATP is used for cell energy during metabolism and it also is used when performing active transport through a cell's membrane. To get the energy out of ATP, it is broken down into a phosphate group and ADP. The energy is released when the bonds are broken between the two groups. To recharge it, the ADP molecule and a phosphate group are bonded together in the mitochondria, transforming it into ATP where it can be used again.